今天给大家整理了与高中英语从句的相关语法知识,以供同学们学习参考。
英语基础概念:主句+从句=复合句
1. 有关概念
由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句。所谓主句,就是在复
合句中起统领作用的句子,它是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;而从句则是复
合句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在。如:
You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会
感到好一些。
The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time. 警察
获知他那时不在场。
这两句都是复合句,第一句的主句是 You’ll feel better,从句是
after you take the pills,由 after 引导,在整个复合句中用作状语,表
示时间;第二句的主句是 The police learned 是主句,
that he wasn’t there at that time 是从句,由 that 引导,在整个复
合句中用作宾语。
注意,英语的复合句不是简单句的反面,不要将它误解为“复杂句”。事实上,
英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”,而复合句也可以比较“简单”。如:
He stopped because he was tired. 他停下来是因为他累了。
这个句子比较“简单”,却是一个典型的复合句,其中的 he stopped 是主句,
because he was tired 是从句,在复合句中用作状语,表示原因。
2. 从句的分类
前面我们说到从句是整个复合句的一个句子成分,它可以用作主语、宾语、定语、
状语等。一般说来,一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句——
从句在复合句用作主语,我们就叫它为主语从句;从句在复合句用作宾语,我们
就叫它为宾语从句;从句在复合句用作状语,我们就叫它为状语从句;等等。如:
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说他不知情。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他
的地址丢了。
He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他获奖后相当高
兴。
She was not in the train that arrived just now. 她不在刚到
的那列车上。
第一句中的 that he knew nothing about it 为宾语从句,因为它在复合
句中用作动词 answered 的宾语;第二句中的
that I have lost his address 为表语从句,因为它在复合句中用在连系
动词 is 后作表语;第三句中的 when he won that prize 为状语从句,因为
它在复合句中用状语,表示时间,所以也叫时间状语从句;第四句中的
that arrived just now 为定语从句,因为它在复合句中用作定语,修饰名
词 the train。
判断关系代词与关系副词
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及
物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with
you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last
year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in th
e countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited la
st year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in th
e countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。
此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),
也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例 2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例 1 D,例 2 A
例 1 变为肯定
句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例 2 变为肯定
句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾
语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关
系代词,所以应选 D。
而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词
where,又因 in the museum 词组,可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。
而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,
选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做
状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因
状语) 。
语法小知识:主将从现的标志词
主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象,多指在时间状语从句和条件状语
从句中,当主句是一般将来时态,则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
因为主将从现出现在状语从句中,在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来
列举主将从现的标志性词语。
时间状语从句
when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, b
efore, after
如:I will be a math teacher when I grow up.
条件状语从句
if, unless, as(so)long as
如:If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.
原因状语从句
because, since, as, for, now that
如:The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.
让步状语从句
though, although, even if, even though, however
如:
Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give
up.
目的状语从句
in order that, so that, that
如:
In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a plan
in detail.
在条件状语从句中,如果主语是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。
一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中,所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区
分主从句。当找到主句,分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义
时,则从句使用一般现在时态。
1.用“连词分词”来替代从句
当主句和从句的主语一致,谓语的时态又是同时段发生,可以把从句的主语省去,
变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确,还可以
保留连词。
例 1:
Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.
客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品,一边却在一起聊天。
例 2:
While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American
people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality
.
虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行,但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。
例 3:
Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set i
nto lasting form when shaped in a mold.
注:如果从句的谓语是系动词 be,在简化句型时应该把 be 动词改成 being,但
是由于 being 语义意义,所以可以省略,这样就造成了形容词作状语了。
例 1:These apples, when ripe, are picked.
这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。
例 2:She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.
她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。
2. 用“介词分词”来替代从句
一般说来,用 on 和 at 表示“as soon as, once”。on 后面常接“来、去”
之类的词,at 后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in 后面接其他带动作的词,
相对于从属连词“while”。
例 1:
On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates wer
e fogged where the crystals had covered them.
当他把晶体揭开时,发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙,他吃了一惊。
例 2:
In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.
我在跑下楼的时候,听见钟敲了十二下。
例 3:He jumped with joy at hearing the news.
他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。
3. 用“介词动作性名词”来替代从句
同上面一样,At 基本上后接 sound,sight“听到、看到”之类的词;on 接“回
来、到达”之类的词;用 in,during 表示“when, while”;用 over 表示
“while”之意。当然,这一切都是相对的分类。
例 1:The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.
小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。
例 2:
In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed
to see anything on the way.
当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候,一路上什么也没有看见。
例 3:
On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had
already left.
当他到达火车站的时候,他发现火车已经开走了。
例 4:
He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up
the idea.
他本来想去,但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。
例 5:
During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?
在我不在的时候,请帮我照看一下猫,好吗?
例 6:He fell asleep over a book.
他看书的时候睡着了。
例 7:After reelection he announces that he will not help.
经过一番考虑后,他宣布将不提供任何帮助。
例 8:
After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.
毕业之后,他去了美国攻读博士。
4. 用“并列句”代替
例句:
Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to
find a lot people waiting for my signatures.
又试了两个其他的姿势后,我从拍照亭里出来,发现很多人在那里等待我的签名。
名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称
相同,分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词
性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开,并且它们都用相同的关联词,关
联词如下:
主从连词:that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)(在句子中
不充当任何成分)
连接代词:who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什
么), which (哪一个)
连接副词:when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎
样), why (为什么)
主从连词只起连接作用,连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外,还充当从句某
一个成分。另外,可以用 whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever 等连
接代词引导名词性从句,来加强语气。
(一)主语从句(subject clause)
在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。
例如:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是
确定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all
of us.月球绕地球转动,这是我们大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.
会议什么时候召开还没有决定。
主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得比较笨重,因此通常可以把 it 放在句首,作
形式主语,而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为:
It is certain that he will come to the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round
the earth.
It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.
下面再举一些例句:
What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。
That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。
Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。
Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.
It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.
她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。
Which way is more effective is still a question.
It is still a question which way is more effective. 哪
种办法效率更高还是个问题。
(二)宾语从句(object clause)
在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。
在引导宾语从句时,从属连词 that 在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。
(1)动词后的宾语从句
例
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的
说话。
例
He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。
例
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work in
side the house.
知道要下雨了,于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词 knowing 的宾语从句)
例
I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。(不定式 to know 的宾语从句)
例
The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁
奖。
例
Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the
test.
到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。
例
A little observation will show how the temperature changes.
稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。
例
Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗?
(2)形容词的宾语从句
有些形容词可以用 that 引导宾语从句,表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感
情色彩。
常见的这类形容词有:
afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighte
d, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised
等。
“害怕,惊讶,震惊,意识,确定,自信,高兴,高兴,高兴,高兴,自豪,伤
心,对不起,当然,惊讶”
例如:
I am glad that you have come. 你来了,我真高兴。
I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上
是错误的。
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很
有信心通过这个考试。
(三)表语从句(predicative clause)
在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为
鱼是最好的补脑食品。
The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在
哪儿举行会议。
My question is how information is stored in the long-term m
emory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。
That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。
It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。
(四)同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词 that 引导,由于
先行名词的意义不同,也可用 whether,who,when,where,what,why,how 等引导。
常见的先行名词有
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,probl
em,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。如:
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashi
on show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
名词性从句的用法及定义
1.that 引导主语从句时,that 没有意义,但不能省略。
例
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的
头发正在变白,这使她很不安。
that 引导主语从句,it 作形式主语,that 不能省略。
例
That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知,她是
个富有的女人。这是 that 引导主语从句,that 不能省略。
这句话可以改为用 it 作形式主语的句型。
请同学们改写:
It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.) We did
n’t know (that) you had sold your house. 我们不知道你已经把
你的房子卖了。这是 that 引导宾语从句,that 可以省略。注意这句话的时态。
2.从句作主语时,多数情况下由 it 作形式主语,而把主语从句放在后面,
尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。
例
It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很
重要的。
It is true that that man on the left is a well-known wr
iter here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家,这是真的。这里,第一个
that 引导主语从句,是单纯的连词,无词义,不作句子成分。第二个 that 是
指示代词,作句子成分,是 man 的定语。
3.whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句,但 if 不能引导主语从
句。whether 后面可以加 or not, 而 if 不能与 or not 连用。作介词宾
语时不用 if.如:
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter
whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。
Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’l
l come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否来还不清楚。
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
这是主语从句还是宾语从句?it 是形式主语吗?it 是代词,whether 引导
的是宾语从句,作介词 on 的宾语,不能用 if 引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取
决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句,介词宾
语,不能用 if 引导。请翻译这句话。
She asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句,既可以用
whether, 又可以用 if 引导。注意时态的对应。请翻译这句话。
We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.
I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.
Now let’s do some translation:现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统
选举。
It is still hard to predict who will win the next presid
ential election.对于多数公民来说,谁当选总统无关紧要。
Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most
citizens.这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。
形式主语中名词性从句作真正主语的情况
与汉语习惯不同,英语习惯将较重要的信息放在句子后半段,为避免头重脚轻,
就产生了一个逻辑主语 it,同时也就产生了一种新的的语法现象——形式主语。
It +动词+从句
seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occur
It appeared that he had a happy childhood.
看来他有一段幸福的童年。
It made us very happy that she was saved.
她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。
It is +形容词+从句
true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,pr
obable
It is certain that free medical care will be given to most
people in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗,这是一定的。
It is obvious that he has been treated.
很明显他已经被款待了。
It is +名词+从句
fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledge
It is common knowledge that the moon cannot give out light.
月亮不会发光,这是常识。
It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the ques
tion. 你对这个问题作了这样的回答,令人吃惊。
It+be+分词+从句
said,reported,believed,known,decided,thought,expected,announced
It is said that Jack has been to Europe.
据说 Jack 去过欧洲。
It was reported that a new park will be built.
据报道将要建造一个新的公园。
需要注意的是,作为形式主语的 it 并无实际意义,只是为了满足语法上的需要,
避免句子头重脚轻,它代替的是句子的逻辑主语,而真正主语由从句或不定式
充当。形式主语一直都是高频考点,同学们需要多多练习。
从句:定语从句的简化规律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”
如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性(包括谓语有情态动词)或之后性,
则可以用“关系代词或关系副词不定式”来简化,或直接用“不定式”来修饰
先行词。要注意的是,此时的不定式一定要是及物动词,如果是不及物,则需要