北京市朝阳区2023-2024学年高三上学期期中质量检测 英语答案

北京市朝阳区2023 ~2024学年度第一学期期中质量检测高三英语（考试时间90分钟 满分100分）本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。第一部分 知识运用 （共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Last night was the last game for my son’s soccer team. Everyone in the team had trained very hard for it and thus confidently expected a big win.It was the final quarter. The score was two to one, my son’s team in the___1___. Parents encircled the field, offering encouragement. With less than ten seconds remaining, the ball rolled in front of my son’s teammate, Mickey O’Donnell. With shouts of “___2___it!” across the field, Mickey took the chance and gave it everything he had. All round me the crowd erupted. He had___3___!However, everyone realized immediately that Mickey did it, but in the___4___goal, ending the game in a draw. For a moment there was total___5___. The air seemed to be at a standstill. You see, Mickey has Down’s syndrome, a condition in which a person is born with learning difficulties, and for him all goals should be celebrated. He had___6___been known to hug the opposing players when they won a point.Not knowing what was happening, Mickey ran over to my son excitedly, “I made it! I made it! Everybody won!” For a moment I held my breath, not sure how my son would___7___. I need not have worried. I watched, through tears, my son___8___his hand in the classic high-five gesture and started shouting, “ Way to go Mickey! Way to go Mickey!” Within moments both teams surrounded Mickey, joining my son to___9___him on his goal.Later that night, when my daughter asked who had won, I smiled as I replied, “It was a_____10_____. Everybody won. ”1. A. wayB. positionC. leadD. back2. A. LeaveB. PickC. ThrowD. Kick3. A. missedB. scoredC. performedD. slipped4. A. clearB. wrongC. specificD. decisive5. A. silenceB. angerC. whisperD. laughter6. A. ratherB. hardlyC. almostD. even7. A. admitB. reactC. guessD. defend8. A. drew backB. put downC. looked atD. threw up9. A. congratulateB. comfortC. consultD. instruct10. A. reliefB. keyC. tieD. pity【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个患有唐氏综合症的男孩米奇在足球比赛中踢进了乌龙球，虽然比赛打平，但所有人都认为米奇赢了的故事。【1题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：比分是二比一，我儿子的队领先。A. way方法；B. position位置；C. lead榜样；领先地位；D. back后背。根据“The score was two to one,”及下文可知，作者儿子所在的足球队暂时领先。故选C。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：高喊着“踢它!”A. Leave离开；B. Pick捡起；C. Throw扔；D. Kick踢。根据“With less than ten seconds remaining, the ball rolled in front of my son’s teammate, Mickey O’Donnell.”可知，球到了米奇奥唐纳的脚下，所以所有人都喊他踢球。故选D。【3题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他进球了! A. missed错过；B. scored得分；C. performed表演；D. slipped滑倒。根据“However, everyone realized immediately that Mickey did it, but in the___4___goal, ending the game in a draw.”可知，米奇奥唐纳进球得分了。故选B。【4题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，每个人都立刻意识到，米奇做到了，但是错误的进球，以平局结束比赛。A. clear清晰的；B. wrong错误的；C. specific明确的；D. decisive决定性的。根据“ending the game in a draw.”可知，米奇把球踢进错误的球门了。故选B。【5题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一时间，全场鸦雀无声。A. silence沉默；B. anger生气；C. whisper低语；D. laughter笑声。根据“The air seemed to be at a standstill.”可知，全场都很惊讶，所以沉默的鸦雀无声。故选A。【6题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：当对方球员赢得一分时，他甚至会拥抱对方球员。A. rather相当；B. hardly几乎不；C. almost几乎；D. even甚至。根据“You see, Mickey has Down’s syndrome, a condition in which a person is born with learning difficulties, and for him all goals should be celebrated.”可知，因为米奇患唐氏综合症，所以他甚至在对方进球时也会拥抱对方球员。选D。【7题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：有那么一会儿，我屏住了呼吸，不知道儿子会有什么反应。A. admit承认；B. react反应；C. guess猜；D. defend防守。根据“For a moment I held my breath,”可知，作者不确定儿子对这种情况的反应，故选B。【8题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：我泪流满面地看着儿子举起手，做了一个经典的击掌动作，开始大喊：“干得好，米奇!干得好，米奇!”A. drew back撒回；B. put down记下；C. looked at看；D. threw up扬起。根据“his hand in the classic high-five gesture and started shouting,”可知，作者儿子扬起手欢呼。故选D。【9题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一会儿，两支球队都围住了米奇，和我儿子一起祝贺他进球。A. congratulate祝贺；B. comfort安慰；C. consult请教；D. instruct教导。根据“I watched, through tears, my son___8___his hand in the classic high-five gesture and started shouting, “ Way to go Mickey! Way to go Mickey!””可知，两支队伍都加入儿子的欢呼，祝贺米奇进球。故选A。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：那天晚上晚些时候，女儿问我谁赢了，我笑着回答：“平局。大家都赢了。”A. relief欣慰；B. key关键；C. tie平局；D. pity怜悯；同情。根据“However, everyone realized immediately that Mickey did it, but in the___4___goal, ending the game in a draw.”可知，比赛结果以平局告终。故选C。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。In my early years at school I had trouble with some subjects. Sometimes I would get an “F” and that would make me ____11____(real) scared. What I used to do was turn the “F” into a “B” ____12____(please) my parents. However, it didn’t work out and finally I was caught doing that. Then I knew I had to accept that failure and learn from it, so I ____13____(take) a positive approach. Naturally that “F” turned into a “B” and that “B” turned into an “A”.【答案】11. really 12. to please 13. took【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者刚开始上学的时候，学习成绩不佳，为了取悦父母，经常偷偷把“F”改为“B”，被抓住后作者吸取教训，积极地学习，成绩慢慢变好了。【11题详解】考查副词。句意：有时候我会得个“F”，这让我很害怕。分析句子可知，空处修饰形容词scared，因此应用real的副词形式really，意为“很，十分”。故填really。【12题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我过去常常把“F”变成“B”来取悦我的父母。分析句子可知，空处作目的状语，表示“为了”，因此应用please的不定式形式。故填to please。【13题详解】考查时态。句意：然后我知道我必须接受失败并从中吸取教训，所以我采取了积极的态度。分析句子可知，空处作句子的谓语，文章在叙述过去发生的事情，时态为一般过去时，因此应用take的过去式。故填took。B阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Gather a couple of friends and take a leisurely walk through the streets—this is____14____many youngsters enjoy doing when they visit a new city. To them, citywalk means wandering around the city on foot. Participants can follow a distinctive urban route,___15___ (explore) the city at their own pace. Compared with famous____16____(spot) and big crowds, they prefer to gain a more inclusive experience of the places they visit.【答案】14. what 15. exploring 16. spots【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍许多年轻人喜欢结伴在城市街头漫步，这种步行游览方式让他们能以自己的节奏探索城市，获得更全面的游览体验，而不是去热门景点挤人群。【14题详解】考查名词性从句。句意：约上几个朋友，在街上悠闲地散步——这是许多年轻人在访问一个新城市时喜欢做的事情。分析句子结构可知，本句为表语从句。从句缺少宾语，指物，所以用连接代词what引导。故填what。【15题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：参与者可以沿着独特的城市路线，以自己的节奏探索城市。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语Participants与explore之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填exploring。【16题详解】考查名词的数。句意：与著名景点和拥挤的人群相比，他们更喜欢在他们参观的地方获得更全面的体验。名词spot为可数名词，泛指许多景点，用复数形式。故填spots。C阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Technology is constantly advancing. ____17____ we imagined it years ago cannot keep up with its pace of development. In the past, autonomous vehicles were just a part of movies, ____18____ these technologies are now successfully coming into being. An autonomous car, also ____19____(know) as a self-driving car, can perform all functions related to everyday driving and parking. It is a technology that senses the environment and, upon entering the destination, ____20____(find) its way without human intervention.【答案】17. How 18. but 19. known 20. finds【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了无人驾驶汽车技术的快速发展和功能的强大。【17题详解】考查主语从句。句意：我们多年前的想象已经跟不上它的发展步伐。分析句子可知，空处引导名词性从句作主句的主语，从句中缺少方式状语，因此应用连接副词how作引导词，且空处位于句首，how的首字母需大写。故填How。【18题详解】考查连词。句意：在过去，无人驾驶汽车只是电影的一部分，但这些技术现在正在成功地成为现实。前面说明过去无人驾驶汽车仍属于电影中的场景，还不是现实，后面说明现在这些技术已成为现实，因此前后语义构成转折，空处应用意为“但是”的并列连词but。故填but。【19题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：无人驾驶汽车，也被称为自动驾驶汽车，可以执行日常驾驶和停车相关的所有功能。分析句子可知，句子主干成分完整，空处作An autonomous car的非限制性后置定语，know和An autonomous car逻辑上是被动关系，且动作已完成，因此应用know的过去分词形式。故填known。【20题详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这是一种可以感知环境的技术，一旦进入目的地，就可以在没有人为干预的情况下找到自己的路。分析句子可知，空处和senses并列，作that引导的定语从句的谓语，时态为一般现在时，find也应用第三人称单数形式。故填finds。第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AA hearing aid is a small electronic device you wear in or behind your ear to make sounds louder. A hearing aid has three basic parts: a microphone an amplifier and a speaker. The hearing aid receives sound through a microphone, which changes the sound waves to electrical signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and sends them to the ear through a speaker. There are three styles of hearing aids.Behind-the-ear (BTE) aids are used by people of all ages. “Mini” BTE is a new kind. These small and open-fit aids fit behind the ear completely, with a narrow tube into the ear canal, enabling the canal to remain open. Thus, some people prefer it because their own voice does not sound “plugged up”.In-the-ear (ITE) aids fit completely inside the outer ear. Some ITE aids may have added features, such as a telecoil that allows users to receive sound through the circuitry of the hearing aid, rather than through its microphone.Canal aids fit into the ear canal and are available in two styles. In-the-canal (ITC) aids are made to fit the size and shape of the ear canal. Completely-in-canal ( CIC) aids are hidden in the ear canal.The hearing aid that will work best for you depends on your hearing needs and lifestyle. Price is also a key consideration. However, just because one hearing aid is more expensive than another does not necessarily mean that it will better suit your needs. Other features to consider include parts or services covered by the guarantee, estimated costs for repair, and the hearing aid company’s reputation for quality and service.For more information, contact: nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov .21. What helps strengthen the power of electrical signals in a hearing aid?A. The microphone.B. The amplifier.C. The speaker.D. The telecoil.22. If preferring a hearing aid that keeps the ear canal open, you can choose______ .A. “Mini” BTEB. In-the-ear aidsC. In-the-canal aidsD. Completely-in-canal aids23. To buy a suitable hearing aid, you should______ .A. increase your estimated costsB. find the one with more featuresC. give in to the after-sale servicesD. consider your needs and lifestyle【答案】21. B 22. A 23. D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了助听器的基本构成和三种基本类型（BTE、ITE、Canal aids）以及适用人群、使用场景和价格等方面的信息。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“The hearing aid receives sound through a microphone, which changes the sound waves to electrical signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and sends them to the ear through a speaker.(助听器通过麦克风接收声音，麦克风将声波转换为电信号并将其发送到放大器。放大器增加信号的功率，并通过扬声器将它们送到耳朵)”可知，放大器有助于增强助听器内电信号的强度。故选B项。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段““Mini” BTE is a new kind. These small and open-fit aids fit behind the ear completely, with a narrow tube into the ear canal, enabling the canal to remain open. Thus, some people prefer it because their own voice does not sound “plugged up”.(“迷你”BTE是一种新型BTE。这些小而开放的辅助设备完全适合耳后，有一个狭窄的管进入耳道，使耳道保持开放。因此，有些人喜欢它，因为他们自己的声音听起来不“堵塞”)”可知，如果更喜欢保持耳道开放的助听器，你可以选择“Mini” BTE。故选A项。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The hearing aid that will work best for you depends on your hearing needs and lifestyle.(最适合你的助听器取决于你的听力需求和生活方式)”可知，要购买合适的助听器，你应该考虑你的需求和生活方式。故选D项。BBrian Peterson had just moved to California. Outside his apartment, a homeless man was often shouting on the street corner, sometimes keeping him awake at night. Peterson would pass the guy on his way to work, but they never spoke.One day, Peterson was reading the book Love Does when he was disturbed by the homeless man. Inspired by the book’s compassionate (有同情心的) message, Peterson made an unexpected decision: He was going to go outside and introduce himself. The homeless man was Matt Faris. He’d moved to California to pursue a career in music, but he ended up living on the street.“It was the strangest thing to me,” Peterson recalled. “I saw beauty on the face of a man who hadn’t shaved or taken a shower in probably a year. But his story inspired me.” And even though Peterson, an art school graduate, hadn’t painted in about eight years, he asked if he could paint Faris’s portrait (肖像). Faris said yes.This experience led Peterson to form Faces of Santa Ana, a non-profit organization focused on befriending and painting portraits of unhoused people. Peterson sells the portraits, putting the income into what he calls a “love account” for his model. He then helps people use the money to get back on their feet.Many of Peterson’s new friends use the donations to secure immediate necessities — medical care hotel rooms, and food. Faris used the funds from his portrait to record an album (专辑), realizing his musical dreams. Another subject, Sondoval, who had never been able to financially support her daughter, used the money to pay her daughter’s rent.Since Faces of Santa Ana was established, Peterson has painted 41 of all the portraits. But there’s more to the finished products than the money they bring to someone who’s down and out. He’s discovered that the buyers tend to connect to the story of the person in the painting, finding similarities and often friendship with someone they might have otherwise stereotyped (持固有观念) or overlooked. “People often tell me, ‘I was the one that would cross the street. But I see homeless people differently now,’” Peterson says. “I didn’t know that would happen.”24. How did Peterson feel about the homeless man after reading the book?A. Annoyed.B. Amazed.C. Concerned.D. Confused.25. After talking with Faris, Peterson decided to______.A. pay for his rentB. record an albumC. go to an art schoolD. paint his portrait26. How did Peterson help the homeless?A. He founded a non-profit organization.B. He bought immediate necessities for them.C. He donated money to related organizations.D. He taught them how to realize their dreams.27. What can we learn from the passage?A. Prejudice blocks dreams.B. Wealth can make people wise.C. Sympathy can break stereotypes.D. Actions speak louder than words.【答案】24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了艺术家Brian Peterson如何通过肖像画帮助无家可归的人并改变他们的生活的感人故事。【24题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“One day, Peterson was reading the book Love Does when he was disturbed by the homeless man. Inspired by the book’s compassionate (有同情心的) message, Peterson made an unexpected decision: He was going to go outside and introduce himself.(一天，Peterson正在读《爱的力量》，这时他被一个流浪汉打扰了。受到书中富有同情心的信息的启发，Peterson做了一个意想不到的决定：他要出去介绍自己)”可知，Peterson之前一直对流浪汉的存在感到困扰，而读完这本书，他受到了书中同情心理念的影响，决定走出去向流浪汉介绍自己，并最终帮助了流浪汉。由此可知，当Peterson读完书后，他对流浪汉充满担忧。故选C。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段““It was the strangest thing to me,” Peterson recalled. “I saw beauty on the face of a man who hadn’t shaved or taken a shower in probably a year. But his story inspired me.” And even though Peterson, an art school graduate, hadn’t painted in about eight years, he asked if he could paint Faris’s portrait(肖像). Faris said yes(“这对我来说是最奇怪的事情，” Peterson回忆说。“我在一个大概一年都没刮胡子、没洗澡的男人脸上看到了美。但他的故事激励了我。”尽管毕业于艺术学院的Peterson已经有八年没有画过画了，但他还是问能不能画一下Faris的肖像。Faris答应了)”可知，Peterson和Faris交流之后，决定为他画一幅肖像画。故选D。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This experience led Peterson to form Faces of Santa Ana, a non-profit organization focused on befriending and painting portraits of unhoused people.(这段经历促使Peterson成立了“Faces of Santa Ana”，这是一个非营利组织，致力于帮助无家可归的人，并为他们画肖像)”可知，为了帮助无家可归的人，Peterson成立了一个非营利组织。故选A。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“He’s discovered that the buyers tend to connect to the story of the person in the painting, finding similarities and often friendship with someone they might have otherwise stereotyped (持固有观念) or overlooked.(他发现，买家倾向于与画中人物的故事联系起来，找到相似之处，往往与他们原本可能刻板印象或忽视的人建立友谊)”以及全文内容可知，通过画肖像，Peterson帮助无家可归的人打破了人们的固有观念，让他们感到被尊重和欣赏。由此推知，这所有的一切都是源于Peterson最初对流浪汉的同情心。故选C。C“When I stopped in at our local tourism office in Montreal to ask where they would recommend visitors to go to smell, taste, and listen to the city, I just received blank stares. They only know about things to see, not about the city’s other sensory attractions, its soundmarks and smellmarks,” says Howes, the director of Sensory Studies, a growing field often referred to as “sensory urbanism”.Around the world, researchers like Howes are investigating how non-visual information defines the character of a city and affects its livability. Using methods ranging from low-tech sound walks to data collecting, wearables (clothing or glasses that contain computer technology), and virtual reality, they’re fighting what they see as a limiting visual preference in urban planning.“Just being able to close your eyes for 10 minutes gives you a totally different feeling about a place,” says Oguz ner, an academic and musician. He has spent years organizing sound walks in Istanbul where participants describe what they hear at different spots with their eyes covered. His research has identified locations where a wave organ could be constructed to strengthen the sounds of the sea, something he was surprised to realize people could hardly hear, even along the waterfront.Although his findings have not been considered into local urban plans yet this kind of individual feedback (反馈) about the sensory environment is already being put to use in Berlin, where quiet areas identified by citizens using a free mobile app have been included in the city’s latest noise action plan.The best way to determine how people react to different sensory environments is a subject of some debate within the field. Howes and his colleagues are using observation and interviews to develop a set of best practices for good sensory design in public spaces. Other researchers are going more high-tech, using wearables to track biological data like heart-rate variability to reveal different sensory experiences.As data collection about people’s sensory experiences becomes more widespread, many of these experts warn that concerns about privacy and surveillance (监视) need to be taken into account. Issues of fairness and inclusion also come into play when determining whose sensory experiences are factored into planning. “Sensory awareness is not independent or simply biological; whether we find something pleasant or not has been shaped culturally and socially,” says Monica Degen, an urban cultural sociologist at Brunel University London.Degen cites the example of a London neighborhood where inexpensive restaurants for local youth were replaced by trendy cafes. “It used to smell like fried chicken,” she says, but newer residents found that smell annoying rather than welcoming. “Now it smells like the popular Italian coffee, cappuccinos.”28. The underlined phrase “blank stares” in Paragraph 1 implies that______.A. Montreal is lacking in visual appealB. Montreal’s non-visual information is ignoredC. the tourism officers object to sensory urbanismD. there are too many tourist attractions to recommend29. What can we learn from the passage?A. Many methods are used to limit the visual preference.B. Potential concerns about collecting data can be relieved.C. People may fail to notice sound attractions even in better locations.D. Individual feedback restricts the development of sensory environment.30. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People’s perceptions of their sensory surroundings are subjective.B. Sensory urbanism needs to focus on developing sensory facilities.C. Sensory experience is dominant in shaping the character of a city.D. Choices of sensory attractions in urban planning depend on tourists.【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章通过介绍研究者们如何考虑城市中的感官体验来探讨城市规划中的一些新趋势和挑战。同时，文中也引用了多位专家的观点和案例来支持作者的立论。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词组下文“They only know about things to see, not about the city’s other sensory attractions, its soundmarks and smellmarks,” says Howes, the director of Sensory Studies, a growing field often referred to as “sensory urbanism”.(“他们只知道看的东西，不知道城市的其他感官景点，它的声音和气味，”感官研究主任豪斯说。感官研究是一个不断发展的领域，通常被称为“感官城市主义”)”可知，很多人忽略了城市的其他感官景点，它的声音和气味，因此当我在蒙特利尔当地的旅游办公室停下来，询问他们会推荐游客去哪里闻、尝、听这座城市的声音时，我得到的只是茫然的目光。由此可知，划线词组blank stares是“茫然的目光”之意，意味着“蒙特利尔的非视觉信息被忽略了”。故选B项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“He has spent years organizing sound walks in Istanbul where participants describe what they hear at different spots with their eyes covered. His research has identified locations where a wave organ could be constructed to strengthen the sounds of the sea, something he was surprised to realize people could hardly hear, even along the waterfront.(多年来，他一直在伊斯坦布尔组织“声音漫步”活动，参与者蒙着眼睛描述他们在不同地点听到的声音。他的研究已经确定了可以建造波浪风琴的地点，以增强海浪的声音，他惊讶地发现，即使在海滨，人们也几乎听不到海浪的声音)”可推知，即使在更好的地方，人们也可能不会注意到声音的吸引力。故选C项。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Issues of fairness and inclusion also come into play when determining whose sensory experiences are factored into planning. “Sensory awareness is not independent or simply biological; whether we find something pleasant or not has been shaped culturally and socially,” says Monica Degen, an urban cultural sociologist at Brunel University London.(公平性和包容性的问题也在决定谁的感官体验被纳入规划时发挥了作用。“感官意识不是独立的，也不是简单的生物；我们是否觉得某件事令人愉快，是由文化和社会塑造的，”伦敦布鲁内尔大学(Brunel University London)的城市文化社会学家莫妮卡德根(Monica Degen)说)”可推知，人们对感官环境的感知是主观的。故选A项。DIn the 1770s, an English doctor called Edward Jenner gave his gardener’s son cowpox (牛痘) and then deliberately infected him with smallpox (天花) to test his assumption that people who were frequently exposed to cowpox, a similar but less severe virus, would avoid catching smallpox. It worked and cowpox as the vaccine (疫苗) was highly effective. “Vaccination”, from the Latin word for cow, soon became commonplace.Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment. Things have changed a lot since Jenner’s time, of course, when it was not uncommon for doctors to conduct this kind of research. Even so, there’s the continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.But this shouldn’t blind us to the extraordinary power of challenge trials. They could become increasingly important weapons in the medical research, in a situation where vaccine technology is advancing and the threat of diseases jumping from animals into human beings is increasing.Much has been done to reduce the risks of challenge trials. Like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), researchers have involved adults who are at a low risk of severe illness. These acts have already cut down a massive range of vaccine candidates. With their help, the world will soon have the first vaccines against RSV, which kills tens of thousands of newborn babies each year. But not all diseases are like these ones. We don’t always know the dangers volunteers might face; we don’t always have treatments ready. What then?We could, of course, just avoid these questions entirely, and rely on other types of research.But that doesn’t always work: sometimes, animal testing is tricky and uninformative, because the disease doesn‘t develop in the same way as it would in humans. In contrast, challenge trials can be deeply informative within weeks, with far fewer volunteers. And the benefits can be surprisingly high. Take the latest pandemic. At the end of last year, as the number of deaths is estimated to have reached about 17.8 million, it’s also estimated that 20 million had been saved by vaccines.In the years to come, they will hopefully save millions more.In order to make sure we are as protected as possible from current and future threats, we should try to get rid of the misbelief in challenge trials, making them a more familiar part of our tool kits. Perhaps the greatest reward of all would be to make sure participants’ efforts are worthwhile: by designing trials to be fair and effective and applying them when and where they might make a real difference. In short, by helping them to save thousands, if not millions of lives.31. The author tells the story of Edward Jenner mainly to______.A. give a definition of challenge trialsB. introduce the topic of challenge trialsC. highlight the effectiveness of his vaccineD. explain the origin of the word “vaccination”32. What can we infer from the passage?A. The issues behind challenge trials can be solved.B. The dangers of challenge trials outweigh the benefits they bring.C. Challenge trials can benefit numerous lives in spite of their risks.D. Challenge trials can set back the development of vaccine technologies.33. What does the author intend to tell us?A. People should still be careful about challenge trials.B. A more open attitude should be taken towards challenge trials.C. Challenge trials guarantee participants protection against threats.D. More volunteers involved can improve the accuracy of challenge trials.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Should we use challenge trials to find cures?B. Can challenge trials be a block to medical progress?C. Can challenge trials be the end of infectious diseases?D. Should we replace animal testing with challenge trials?【答案】31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。它提供了关于医学研究中挑战试验的信息，并阐述了挑战试验的优势和重要性。通过简明扼要地介绍，以及使用有据可查的数据和案例，解释挑战试验在医学研究中的用途和潜在效益。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“In the 1770s, an English doctor called Edward Jenner gave his gardener’s son cowpox (牛痘) and then deliberately infected him with smallpox (天花) to test his assumption that people who were frequently exposed to cowpox, a similar but less severe virus, would avoid catching smallpox.(18世纪70年代，一位名叫爱德华詹纳(Edward Jenner)英国医生让他的园丁的儿子染上牛痘，然后故意让他感染天花，以检验他的假设，即经常接触牛痘(一种类似但不那么严重的病毒)的人会避免感染天花)”以及第二段“Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment.(挑战试验是一种研究形式，我们不是依靠自然感染的数据，而是故意让某人接触某种疾病，以测试疫苗或治疗的有效性)”可知，作者讲述爱德华詹纳的故事是为了介绍挑战试验的话题。故选B项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Even so, there’s the continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.(即便如此，人们仍然认为故意让别人生病是不道德的)”以及第三段“But this shouldn’t blind us to the extraordinary power of challenge trials. They could become increasingly important weapons in the medical research, in a situation where vaccine technology is advancing and the threat of diseases jumping from animals into human beings is increasing.(但这不应该让我们忽视挑战试验的非凡力量。在疫苗技术不断进步、疾病从动物传染给人类的威胁日益增加的情况下，它们可能成为医学研究中越来越重要的武器)”可知，尽管有风险，但挑战试验可以使许多生命受益。故选C项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“In order to make sure we are as protected as possible from current and future threats, we should try to get rid of the misbelief in challenge trials, making them a more familiar part of our tool kits. Perhaps the greatest reward of all would be to make sure participants’ efforts are worthwhile: by designing trials to be fair and effective and applying them when and where they might make a real difference. In short, by helping them to save thousands, if not millions of lives.(为了确保我们尽可能免受当前和未来的威胁，我们应该努力消除对挑战试验的误解，使其成为我们工具箱中更为常见的一部分。也许最大的回报将是确保参与者的努力是值得的：通过设计公平、有效的试验，并在可能产生真正差异的时间和地点应用这些试验。简而言之，通过帮助他们拯救成千上万，甚至数百万人的生命)”可知，本文作者想告诉我们对挑战试验应采取更开放的态度。故选B项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment. Things have changed a lot since Jenner’s time, of course, when it was not uncommon for doctors to conduct this kind of research. Even so, there’s the continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.(挑战试验是一种研究形式，我们不是依靠自然感染的数据，而是故意让某人接触某种疾病，以测试疫苗或治疗的有效性。当然，与詹纳的时代相比，情况发生了很大变化，当时医生进行这类研究并不罕见。即便如此，人们仍然认为故意让别人生病是不道德的)”以及纵观全文可知，本文讲述了尽管有风险，但挑战试验可以使许多生命受益，并且目前已采取很多方法来降低这种风险，呼吁人们对挑战试验应采取更开放的态度。所以A项“Should we use challenge trials to find cures?”是本文最好的标题。故选A项。第二节 （共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Many of us set goals, but sometimes we fail to achieve them. There are many causes why we don’t manage to realize our goals.____35____There is a way, though, to help address this problem: set reminders. People employ a psychological strategy called cognitive (认知的) offloading, where we use a physical action to reduce demands on our brain. Specifically, we may outsource our intentions from being stored in our brains to reminders outside our head.____36____ Understanding the benefits of cognitive offloading can improve our ability to remember and follow through with our intentions. The biggest benefit is simply that it improves memory performance. It increases the probability that we will work towards the goals we need to reach. ____37____“The more we offload unimportant information, such as items on a shopping list, the more we can use our brain for those more significant cognitive tasks, such as creativity,” said Sam Gilbert, professor at the University College London.____38____Still, there are potential negative parts for it. We are more likely to forget what we offloaded if we no longer access our storage, such as when our smartphone dies. We also tend to offload the important things we most want to remember. In a surprise test where their reminders were wiped clean, the participants were more likely to forget the important items and recall the unimportant ones, that is, the more important the intention we want to remember, the more likely we are to offload it—and to forget it.We’d better tend to create reminders when we think we need them, but not necessarily when we do need them. ____39____“If our understanding of our memory ability is wrong, this suggests that we will either overuse or underuse reminders,” Gilbert said. “We can learn by noticing the times that we have forgotten to do something and could have used reminders to help.”A. Cognitive offloading has noticeable benefits.B. One common reason is that we simply forget them.C. Besides, it can free up our limited cognitive resources.D. A good example can be documents on our smartphone calendars.E. The process of cognitive offloading helps us identify false information.F. Our beliefs about how good our memory is directly influence whether we set them.G. Other experts say it’s too soon to understand how cognitive offloading affects our brains.【答案】35. B 36. D 37. C 38. A 39. F【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了认知卸载的好处和坏处，以及什么时候创建提醒。【35题详解】根据前文“There are many causes why we don’t manage to realize our goals.(我们无法实现目标的原因有很多)”可知，此处是说明无法实现目标的原因，所以B项“One common reason is that we simply forget them.(一个常见的原因是我们只是忘记了它们)”符合主题，并引出下文“There is a way, though, to help address this problem: set reminders.(不过，有一个方法可以帮助解决这个问题：设置提醒)”。故选B项。【36题详解】根据前文“People employ a psychological strategy called cognitive (认知的) offloading, where we use a physical action to reduce demands on our brain. Specifically, we may outsource our intentions from being stored in our brains to reminders outside our head.(人们采用一种叫做认知卸载的心理策略，即我们用身体动作来减少对大脑的需求。具体来说，我们可能会把我们的意图从储存在大脑里外包给大脑外的提醒)”可知，此处讲述了设置提醒具体方法，所以D项“A good example can be documents on our smartphone calendars.(一个很好的例子就是我们智能手机日历上的文档)”是对此方法的具体举例，符合文意。故选D项。【37题详解】根据前文“Understanding the benefits of cognitive offloading can improve our ability to remember and follow through with our intentions. The biggest benefit is simply that it improves memory performance. It increases the probability that we will work towards the goals we need to reach.(了解认知卸载的好处可以提高我们的记忆能力和贯彻我们的意图的能力。最大的好处就是提高了记忆性能。它增加了我们朝着我们需要达到的目标努力的可能性)”可知，此处在讲述了解认知卸载的好处，根据后文““The more we offload unimportant information, such as items on a shopping list, the more we can use our brain for those more significant cognitive tasks, such as creativity,” said Sam Gilbert, professor at the University College London.(伦敦大学学院的教授山姆吉尔伯特说：“我们越不去想那些不重要的信息，比如购物清单上的东西，我们就越能把大脑用于那些更重要的认知任务，比如创造力。”)”是在讲述另一个好处，所以空处应是C项“Besides, it can free up our limited cognitive resources.(此外，它可以释放我们有限的认知资源)”符合文意，描述另一个好处，引出下文。故选C项。【38题详解】分析设空，位于段首，根据后文“Still, there are potential negative parts for it.(不过，它也有潜在的负面影响)”可知，空处应是承上启下的作用，由上文介绍好处，转到讲述缺点，所以A项“Cognitive offloading has noticeable benefits.(认知卸载有明显的好处)”符合文意，承接上文，并和后文构成转折关系。故选A项。【39题详解】根据前文“We’d better tend to create reminders when we think we need them, but not necessarily when we do need them.(当我们认为我们需要提醒时，我们最好创建提醒，但不一定是在我们确实需要的时候)”以及后文““If our understanding of our memory ability is wrong, this suggests that we will either overuse or underuse reminders,” Gilbert said.(吉尔伯特说：“如果我们对记忆能力的理解是错误的，这表明我们要么过度使用提醒，要么使用不足。”)”可知，空处应是过渡句，所以F项“Our beliefs about how good our memory is directly influence whether we set them.(我们对自己记忆力好坏的看法直接影响到我们是否能记好)”是对前文的进一步说明，并引出下文。故选F项。第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32分）第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。The word “motivation” comes from the Latin term motivus, “a moving cause”. It is described as the force that drives us to pursue a goal, including the desire to continue pursuing meaning, purpose, and a life worth living. It fuels competition and boosts social connection. Its absence can lead to mental illnesses such as depression.People often have multiple motives for engaging in any one behaviour. Motivation might be extrinsic. That means a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or rewards. Anything promised for completing the task or received as a result of completing the task are extrinsic motivators. Extrinsic motivation can increase motivation in the short term, but over time it may gradually decrease.Motivation can also be intrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes purely from within, with no expected reward, deadline, or outside pressure. For example, people who are intrinsically motivated to run do so because they love the feeling of running itself. Compared to extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation tends to push people more forcefully, and the achievements are more satisfying, since it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation.To understand motivation, Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of hierarchy of needs (需求层次) in 1943. According to Maslow, humans are intrinsically motivated to meet physical needs, the most fundamental ones such as needs for food. Then they gradually satisfy several levels of needs from safety, to higher-order needs for love, belonging, and self-respect, and finally move to ward expressing their full potential—self-actualization, the desire to become the most that one can be.Although the generality of Maslow’s theory has been challenged, many believe it reveals fundamental truths about human motivation. No matter where motivation begins, there are always ways to increase it — whether that be your own motivation or someone else’s. Sometimes you might feel completely unmotivated — and that’s OK. In that situation, allow yourself to feel the discomfort, hear the negative self-talk, and then take action anyway.40. What is motivation?______________________________________________________________________41. Why is intrinsic motivation more powerful?______________________________________________________________________42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.According to Maslow, we are motivated by different levels of needs, starting at the lowest and the most basic level known as self-actualization needs.______________________________________________________________________43. In what way(s) do you think you can get motivated? (In about 40 words)______________________________________________________________________【答案】40. Motivation is described as the force that drives us to pursue a goal. 41. Because it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation. 42. According to Maslow, we are motivated by different levels of needs, starting at the lowest and the most basic level known as self-actualization needs.The lowest and the most basic level of needs is not self-actualization needs but physical needs. 43. I often get motivated in two ways. First, rewarding myself helps generate and maintain motivation. I can set small rewards for achieving small goals and larger rewards for achieving larger goals. Second, I always find inspiration in others. Learning from successful individuals constantly motivates me to be the better version of myself.【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。本文介绍了什么是动机，动机的种类，呼吁大家想办法增加自己的动机。【40题详解】考查细节理解。根据第一段“The word “motivation” comes from the Latin term motivus, “a moving cause”. It is described as the force that drives us to pursue a goal, including the desire to continue pursuing meaning, purpose, and a life worth living.(“动机”一词来自拉丁语“motivus”，意为“移动的原因”。它被描述为驱使我们追求目标的力量，包括继续追求意义、目的和有价值的生活的愿望)”可知，动机被描述为驱使我们追求目标的力量。故填：Motivation is described as the force that drives us to pursue a goal.【41题详解】考查细节理解。根据第三段“Motivation can also be intrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes purely from within, with no expected reward, deadline, or outside pressure. For example, people who are intrinsically motivated to run do so because they love the feeling of running itself. Compared to extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation tends to push people more forcefully, and the achievements are more satisfying, since it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation.(动机也可以是内在的。内在动机纯粹来自内心，没有预期的奖励、最后期限或外部压力。例如，那些有内在动力去跑步的人这样做是因为他们喜欢跑步本身的感觉。与外在动机相比，内在动机往往会更有力地推动人们，取得的成就也更令人满意，因为它与身份融为一体，是一种持续的动力来源)”可知，因为它被整合到身份中，并作为动力的持续来源，所以内在动机更强大。故填：Because it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation.【42题详解】考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“To understand motivation, Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of hierarchy of needs (需求层次) in 1943. According to Maslow, humans are intrinsically motivated to meet physical needs, the most fundamental ones such as needs for food. Then they gradually satisfy several levels of needs from safety, to higher-order needs for love, belonging, and self-respect, and finally move to ward expressing their full potential—self-actualization, the desire to become the most that one can be.(为了理解动机，亚伯拉罕马斯洛在1943年引入了需求层次的概念。根据马斯洛的理论，人类的内在动机是满足生理需求，最基本的需求，比如对食物的需求。然后他们逐渐满足几个层次的需求，从安全到更高层次的爱、归属感和自尊的需求，最后走向表达他们的全部潜力——自我实现，成为一个人所能成为的最大的人的愿望)”可知，According to Maslow, we are motivated by different levels of needs, starting at the lowest and the most basic level known as self-actualization needs.此句描述中self-actualization needs.是错误的，根据文中可知，最低和最基本的需求不是自我实现的需求，而是身体上的需求。故填：The lowest and the most basic level of needs is not self-actualization needs but physical needs.【43题详解】开放性问题。题目问“你认为你可以通过什么方式获得动力”，可以结合自身进行回答，合理即可，例如我们可以通过奖励自己来激励自己，也可以通过向成功人士学习不断激励我成为更好的自己。故填：I often get motivated in two ways. First, rewarding myself helps generate and maintain motivation. I can set small rewards for achieving small goals and larger rewards for achieving larger goals. Second, I always find inspiration in others. Learning from successful individuals constantly motivates me to be the better version of myself.第二节 (20分）44. 假如你是红星中学高三学生李华，你校国际部交换生Jim正在策划一次“中西文化交流”活动，作为好友，他发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括：1. 活动形式；2. 活动内容。注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Jim,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,Li Hua【答案】Dear Jim, Hearing that you are planning a club activity with the theme of “Cultural exchange between China and the west” and need my help, I am writing to offer you my suggestions. I think you can carry out this activity in an interactive and experiential manner, which means students can participate and have a better understanding of “Cultural exchange between China and the west” through getting involved in different activities by themselves. You can ask some Chinese showcase paper cuttings on site, and some foreign students to show Halloween costumes and styling, which will all fit into the theme. Hopefully, you will get some inspiration from my suggestions. Wish you success. Yours, Li Hua【解析】【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写一封信给你校国际部交换生Jim，就他想策划的活动提出建议。【详解】1.词汇积累计划：plan map out提供：offer provide建议：suggestion advice报名参加：get involved in take part in2.句式拓展简单句变复合句原句：Hopefully, you will get some inspiration from my suggestions.拓展句：I hope that you will get some inspiration from my suggestions.【点睛】【高分句型1】Hearing that you are planning a club activity with the theme of “Cultural exchange between China and the west” and need my help, I am writing to offer you my suggestions. （运用了现在分词Hearing作原因状语）【高分句型2】I think you can carry out this activity in an interactive and experiential manner, which means students can participate and have a better understanding of “Cultural exchange between China and the west” through getting involved in different activities by themselves. （运用了which引导非限制性定语从句）